Monitoring Children’s Social-Media Use

For adults and children, interacting with some form of social media has become a daily part of life. Therefore, parents need to stay well informed in order to ensure online safety for their children as they use social media and technology. Understanding how technology works, implementing safety features, and staying informed about and even getting ahead of dangerous online trends and challenges are strategies parents can use to help them monitor their children’s technology usage and keep their children safe. In addition, parents and caregivers can set up in-app settings, utilize external parental control apps, apply social-listening skills, and engage in open communication with their children.

Set up In-App Settings

Each social-media platform includes specific features for parents and caregivers to use as they navigate settings and set up parental controls. The Glossary of Digital Media Platforms, developed by the American Association of Pediatrics (2024), is a resource parents and caregivers can use to better understand the various social-media platforms children and teenagers may want to visit and utilize. Within each resource linked below, parents and caregivers can find information about privacy settings, methods to control messaging and friend selections, and how to set up screen-time management.

The American Academy of Pediatrics has created a resource parents and caregivers can use to learn more about common terms used in social media—Definitions of Common Digital Media Terms.

Utilize External Parental Control Apps

Parents and caregivers can use parental control apps to help them ensure their children interact with social-media applications in a safe way (CNN, 2024). Many of these parental control apps are paid services that adults can put on the devices their child uses. Parents can, then, track information, such as screen-time usage; use website and app filters to block access to specific websites and applications on a device; enact safe search features on sites like YouTube; track calls and SMS (texting); and stop certain language and inappropriate or unwanted conversation topics from being searched and received. Check out some of the following parental control app websites to see if any of these external parental control trackers might work for you and your family.

Apply Social Listening

Understanding what online trends and challenges are occurring across social-media platforms (e.g., ALS ice bucket challenge, the cinnamon challenge, the Kia challenge) can help parents prepare to have conversations with their children and help prevent children from engaging in harmful behaviors. Parents can identify current social-media trends and find out more about specific trends by searching hashtags and information trending on social-media sites (e.g., Twitter, TikTok).

Have Open Communication

Openly communicate with your child so you and your child understand why and how to stay safe in online spaces. Although understanding and setting up safety measures and parental controls can help prevent inappropriate media from getting through to your child’s account, making sure your child understands why you are setting boundaries and expectations is also vital. You may want to visit and use the resources, listed below, to help you learn new skills and strategies for communicating with your child.

Learn how you and your child can create a family media plan for your family by using the American Academy of Pediatrics  Family Media Plan, which can be completed online and downloaded.

Additional Resources

Social Media Fact Sheet

Digital Empowerment Resource

Helping your Teen Navigate Social Media

When Should You Get Your Child a Cell Phone?

Children: Technology and Socialization

Adolescent Social Media Use

Finding Credible Information

References

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2024). Definitions of common digital media terms. https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/media-and-children/center-of-excellence-on-social-media-and-youth-mental-health/definitions-of-common-digital-media-terms/

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2024). Family media plan. https://www.healthychildren.org/english/fmp/pages/mediaplan.aspx

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2024). Glossary of digital media platforms. https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/media-and-children/center-of-excellence-on-social-media-and-youth-mental-health/glossary-of-digital-media-platforms/

Behr, A. (2024, March 22). The best parental control apps in 2024, tested by our editors. CNN.  https://www.cnn.com/cnn-underscored/reviews/best-parental-control-apps

Nemours Children’s Health. (2022, August). Monitoring your child’s media use.https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/monitor-media.html

Mental Health: Important for Parents and Children

In 1992, the World Federation for Mental Health established the first World Mental Health Day, which continues today and is held annually on October 10th (WMHD, 2024). On this day, various organizations, governments, and individuals work together to increase awareness of the mental health challenges people around the globe face each day and to create a platform for advocacy and education. Today, the Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at Penn State joins the World Federation for Mental Health to recognize the importance of normalizing discussions around mental health challenges, reducing stigma around mental health disorders, and providing resources and support to individuals in need.

Mental Health

One’s mental health can affect how they think, feel, and act and can influence their emotional, psychological, and social well-being (Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at Penn State, 2021). Often, one’s mental health defines how they cope with everyday stressors and achievements, how they deal with ups and downs in relationships, and how they make decisions (Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at Penn State, 2021).

Parents and Mental Health

As a parent, you need to understand what your child’s mental health needs might be and be able to recognize when your child may need outside support (Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at Penn State, 2021). In addition, you should be aware of and recognize your own mental health needs. Parenting can come with positive experiences like joy, love, and human connection, but it can also come with significant challenges and can create stress across the different life stages of your children (Office of the U.S. Surgeon General, 2024). Taking care of yourself may feel unnecessary or not worthy of prioritization; however, when you take care of yourself and learn how to cope with everyday stressors, you set yourself up to better help those around you.

Remember, prioritizing your health and well-being by eating healthy meals, engaging in physical activity, identifying ways to find and achieve your calm, leveraging your circle of support, and establishing a positive work-home-life balance are important elements to integrate into your life. By taking care of yourself, you will be better able to meet your own needs and help your child when they are in need. Further, when parents model healthy and effective strategies that help them regulate their own emotions, their children benefit from seeing their parents cope with difficult situations and can learn ways to help themselves manage and regulate their own emotions (Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at Penn State, 2022b).

Children and Mental Health

Having and exhibiting good mental health is an important component for parents as they help and support their child as they grow into a healthy adult. Children with good mental health are better able to have and maintain positive interactions with family members and friends, work towards and achieve educational milestones, and find ways to participate in their local community (Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at Penn State, 2021).

Experiencing poor mental health can be the result of different factors that may include biological components, such as genetic issues or brain chemistry; life experiences, such as past trauma or abuse; or a family history of mental health challenges (Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at Penn State, 2021). In addition, there are certain situations and instances that may increase a child’s risk for these concerns, such as family stress, chronic illness, grief and loss caused by death, or physical/sexual/emotional abuse (Youth.gov, n.d.a).

Parents and caregivers can help their children feel happy and positive about themselves by showing their children love and affection, spending time with their children, encouraging their children to talk about their feelings, and being interested in what’s happening in their children’s lives (Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at Penn State, 2021). Physical health is also an important component to maintaining good mental health. Just like you, as a parent, need to take care of yourself, you can help your child maintain healthy habits in their lifestyle, like being physically active, eating nutritious foods, and getting enough sleep (Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at Penn State, 2021).

Watch for Warning Signs

Mental health challenges can come with warning signs. Be sure to watch for any early warning signs that could indicate your child may be struggling with mental health challenges. Warning signs may include the following (Chung, 2024; Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at Penn State, 2021, 2022a, 2022b; Youth.gov, n.d.b):

  • Eating or sleeping too much or too little
  • Having problems concentrating
  • Struggling in school, or showing a dramatic drop in grades
  • Feeling afraid of or wanting to avoid school
  • Pulling away or withdrawing from people and usual activities they used to enjoy
  • Having low or no energy
  • Feeling numb or like nothing matters
  • Having unexplained aches and pains, or complaining of physically not feeling well over a long period of time
  • Excessively dieting or exercising, or having a fear of weight gain
  • Engaging in self-harm behaviors (such as cutting or burning their skin)
  • Engaging in risky or destructive behavior, alone or with friends
  • Having periods of highly elevated energy and activity, and requiring much less sleep than usual
  • Feeling helpless or hopeless
  • Using alcohol or drugs
  • Sexually acting out
  • Participating in illegal activities
  • Running away
  • Feeling unusually confused, forgetful, on edge, angry, upset, worried, or scared
  • Yelling or fighting with family and friends, or wanting to spend much more time alone
  • Experiencing mood swings
  • Feeling anxious, or having persistent thoughts and memories they can’t get out of their head
  • Making inappropriate comments like “nobody would care if I was gone “or “I don’t deserve to live”
  • Hearing voices, or believing things that are not true
  • Thinking of harming themself, others, or the environment
  • Having suicidal thoughts

Additional Resources

Adolescent Mental Health: Parenting to Wellness

Adolescent Mental Health: Parenting to Wellness is a Thrive Initiative supplemental parent-education module that is designed to offer support to parents and caregivers of adolescents who experience mental health challenges.

Branch Out Parenting Program

Branch Out is a Thrive Initiative program that is specifically designed for parents, guardians, and caregivers of adolescents or children who are 10 to 18 years old. During adolescence, youth need their parents’ attention and support more than ever. Many changes and transitions occur during adolescence, so this phase of life is a time of excitement and anxiety—for youth and their parents. Throughout this program, information and parenting strategies are offered for parents to adapt as necessary to fit their child and their individual circumstances. Programming focuses on helping you learn communication skills and on encouraging you as you work with your adolescent to build a relationship that is centered around respect and trust.

CDC Mental Health Resources

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention offers resources for adults and children to help them learn more about mental health or help them cope with mental health challenges.

Taking Care of You

This 3-minute mini-booster video module presents information to new parents and caregivers about the importance of taking care of themselves and practicing healthy behaviors, so they can more effectively care for their new baby.

SAMSA Hotline – Call or text 988

SAMHSA’s National Helpline, 1-800-662-HELP (4357) (also known as the Treatment Referral Routing Service) or TTY: 1-800-487-4889, is a confidential, free, 24-hour-a-day, 365-day-a-year, information service. It can be accessed in English and Spanish and is specifically  for individuals and family members who are facing mental health or substance-use disorders. This service provides referrals to local treatment facilities, support groups, and community-based organizations. Callers can also order free publications and other information.

References

Chung, R. J. (2024, March 4). Teen mental health: How to know when your child needs help. Healthychildren.org. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/teen/Pages/Mental-Health-and-Teens-Watch-for-Danger-Signs.aspx

Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at Penn State. (2021). Mental health [Module 4 of the Branch Out Online Curricula]. Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at Penn State.

Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at Penn State. (2022a). Part 2 – Parents’ Role in Helping Child Return to Wellness [Module 3 of the Adolescent Mental Health: Parenting to Wellness Online Curricula]. Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at Penn State. Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at Penn State. (2022b). Part 3 – Parental Self

Care [Module 4 of the Adolescent Mental Health: Parenting to Wellness Online Curricula]. Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at Penn State.

Office of the U.S. Surgeon General. (2024). Parents under pressure: The U.S. surgeon general’s advisory on the mental health and well-being of parents. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/parents-under-pressure.pdf

World Federation for Mental Health. (2024). World health mental health day 2024. https://wmhdofficial.com

Youth.gov. (n.d.). Risk and protective factors for youth. https://youth.gov/youth-topics/youth-mental-health/risk-and-protective-factors-youth

Youth.gov. (n.d.). Warning signs. Youth.gov. https://youth.gov/youth-topics/youth-mental-health/warning-signs

When Should You Get Your Child a Cell Phone?

Determining when to buy your child their first cell phone may be a challenging decision for parents today. With so many factors to consider—from safety and social pressures to your child’s maturity level and the potential risks of technology—you may feel overwhelmed. To help guide you in making your decision, you may want to consider recent studies and expert opinions.

When Is the Right Time?

Thoughts and research behind the timing of when to give a child a cell phone have recently shifted. Evaluating a child’s developmental stage as opposed to just a child’s age (Miller, 2023) is an important concept to consider. Dr. Dave Anderson from the Child Mind Institute notes that while a fourth grader might benefit from having a phone for communication and safety, parents may prefer to delay exposure to the internet and social media apps until later (Miller, 2023). This idea highlights the importance of thinking about factors like level of responsibility, impulse control, and maturity and may help you consider other elements, such as starting with simpler devices, setting clear boundaries, and actively guiding your child’s cell phone use. Here are some strategies that may help guide you as you decide on when to give your child a cell phone:

Assess Readiness: Consider your child’s responsibility level. If they manage their belongings well, are conscientious about schoolwork, and follow the household rules, they might be ready for a cell phone. If they struggle with impulse control or have anxiety, you may want to wait (Charaipotra, 2023).

Start Simple: If you are unsure about giving your child a smartphone, consider starting with a basic phone or smartwatch. A basic or feature phone is a mobile device that has limited features, and many smartwatches allow the user to communicate via voice or text and be tracked by parents without being exposed to the risks associated with internet access and social media. You may want to consider these options as a first step to cell phone usage (Miller, 2023).

Set Clear Boundaries: Establish clear rules for cell phone use. Create a Family Media Plan or cell phone contract to set time limits, monitor app usage, and designate phone-free zones. Remember to regularly review and adjust these rules as your child matures and their needs change (Charaipotra, 2023). Consider implementing a no-screen rule at least 30 minutes before bedtime as suggested by the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines (CDC, 2024).

Be Involved and Explore Resources: Actively monitor how your child uses their cell phone, and discuss online safety, appropriate behavior, and the apps they are using. The Thrive Professional Resource guide provides a Family Media Action Plan (page 17), which offers additional tips on managing screen time and suggests ways to help promote responsible phone use.

Model Good Behavior: Your relationship with technology may set the tone for your child. To help them develop healthy phone habits, lead by example. Here are some strategies on how you can do this:

  • Set Limits for Yourself: Establish personal boundaries for your own cell phone use. For example, decide on specific times when you will put your cell phone away, such as during family meals or when spending quality time with your child.
  • Create Rules for Your Family: Create rules, abide by them, and enforce them. Some rules could be no screen use during extracurricular activities, family game night, or mealtimes and/or no cell phone use 30 minutes before bedtime.
  • Designate Phone-Free Zones: Establish areas in your home where cell phones are off-limits, such as the dining room or your child’s bedroom. This helps create spaces that are dedicated to family interaction or focused activities (e.g., sleep) without the distraction of screens.
  • Store Screens Away During Dinner: Make it a rule to place all devices on the counter or in a designated spot during meals. This can encourage conversation and help everyone stay present and connected.
  • Promote Open Communication: Be transparent about your own cell phone use. Tell your child why you are setting these limits, and discuss the benefits of reducing screen time, like getting better sleep, having improved focus, and engaging in more meaningful interactions.

To help create positive cell phone experiences, consider your child’s maturity, start with simpler options, set clear rules, and maintain a balanced approach. Remember, you should be aware of and understand the potential risks associated with cell phone usage (e.g., social media, cyberbullying, online safety, physical health), and discuss these with your child to help them navigate the digital world safely and responsibly.

Additional Resources

Family Media Plan

References

Charaipotra, S. (2023, September 13). How to tell if your kid is ready for a smartphone. Parents. https://www.parents.com/kids/safety/internet/the-great-phone-debate/

Healthy Screen Habits. (2024). The 5 core healthy screen habits. https://www.healthyscreenhabits.org/tools

Miller, C. (2023, October 30). When should you get your kid a phone? It’s not just a question of the right age. Child Mind Institute. https://childmind.org/article/when-should-you-get-your-kid-a-phone/

U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, May 15). About Sleep. Sleep. https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/about/index.html

Creating a Family Blog

One way for family members to connect is to write a blog together. Discussing and writing about important events and meaningful moments, in a blog, can help a family stay connected with each other, friends, and extended family members. Creating a blog with your child can also provide opportunities for your child to be creative in choosing topics and what information to include, and this activity can introduce young writers to a different form of writing as they develop their communication and literacy skills.

How Do You Start?

Choose a website to host your blog – Many online platforms can be used to blog. Most of these platforms are free for basic use and, if you purchase more complex versions, you can customize your blog by using additional or advanced features. Below are a few sites you may wish to explore as you start your blogging journey.

Pick a name – Customize the name of your blog. Make it a fun activity, and include the whole family as you choose a unique name! It could be a funny name, a name that has a specific meaning for your family, your family’s name, or a combination of all three!

Choose your audience – Whom are you writing this blog for? Although blogs are usually public, you can make your blog private and invite anyone you choose—family, friends, coworkers—to follow your posts. The information you include in your blog will likely depend on whether your blog is public or private. If you choose to make your blog post public, be sure not to add any personal information that could make you and your family unsafe.

If your blog is private, remember to send out an invitation for your audience to allow them to sign up for updates through email or Really Simple Syndication, commonly referred to as RSS. This notification allows your followers to receive notifications of new posts as soon as you publish your information, and you do not have to message everyone each time you make a post.

Writing the Posts

Now that you have decided where to post your blog, what the name of your blog will be, and who your audience will be, you are ready to start writing! Include the entire family as you choose your topics. Below is a list of ideas for topics and activities to get you started.

  • Family vacations
  • Start and/or end of a school year
  • Special interests of your child that they want to research and write about
  • Sports events and accomplishments
  • Milestones your child is reaching
  • Moves/updates your family is going through
  • Holiday check-ins

Remember, writing a blog can be a journey that you can tailor depending on what information you and your family are comfortable sharing. Add pictures to your posts as you write about memories and include updates. Your blog can be a virtual memory book that you can turn to as the years go by, so you and your family can share and remember accomplishments and reminiscence about events, people, and fun times.

Additional Resources

How to Teach your Child about Online Safety

Adolescent Social Media Use

Digital Empowerment Resources

Internet Safety for Parents

References

Diana. (2021, February 24). How to start a family blog and keep memories. WPlook Themes. https://wplook.com/how-to-start-a-family-blog/ 

United States Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). What is RSS?. Administration For Children & Families. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/what-rss 

Fireworks Safety

Fireworks entertain millions of people and add sparkle to events throughout the year. They are often enjoyed at sporting events, weddings, and concerts. Yet, traditionally, fireworks are most often used in the United States to celebrate the Fourth of July. Large fireworks displays occur in communities across the country, and some families ignite fireworks in their yards. While lighting fireworks at (or close to) home may seem like a fun activity for the whole family, thousands of people experience serious injuries from fireworks-related incidents every year. Many times, the people who get hurt in these incidents are bystanders and not the person setting off the fireworks.

The information below includes safety recommendations to reduce fireworks-related injuries, details about known fireworks-related injuries, and tips on how to treat any injuries if they occur.

The Safest Ways to Enjoy Fireworks

Keep your distance. Fireworks can be loud enough to severely damage the hearing of adults and children. When attending a fireworks show, the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association recommends that attendees stay at least 500 feet away from the fireworks’ launch site (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2021) to protect their hearing. Young children could wear earplugs, earmuffs, or headphones for an added layer of protection. In addition, unexploded fireworks, commonly referred to as duds, could land on the ground—at private or public fireworks activities— and they have the potential to go off. Avoid going near duds, and consider calling the fire department to help you dispose of them.

Pay attention to the weather. Weather conditions can impact the safety of hosting a public fireworks display and igniting fireworks at home. For example, if the area is experiencing dry conditions, releasing fireworks can lead to wildfires and poor air quality (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2021). In such situations, the local news media will typically encourage individuals to attend community firework alternatives and/or inform the community about safe outdoor activities. These activities and events may include laser shows or drone light shows.

Choose a safe alternative. Although sparklers may seem like a safe option for children, they could have similar dangerous effects as other types of fireworks. Sparklers burn at nearly 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit, and, at this temperature, sparklers can burn through metal, ignite clothing, cause eye injuries, and/or result in third-degree skin burns (National Safety Council, n.d.). If children want to participate in festivities, safer alternatives include giving them flags, glow sticks, party poppers, bubbles, silly string, party snappers, and noise makers.

The safest way to enjoy fireworks is to attend a fireworks display and leave the fireworks to the professionals.

Safety Tips for Deploying Fireworks at Home (If You Must…)

DOs

  • Supervise older children while they are handling fireworks.
  • Choose a spot away from people, houses, and flammable materials to ignite any fireworks.
  • Use protective eyewear when handling fireworks.
  • Read the device’s directions before use, and carefully follow the instructions when igniting the fireworks.
  • Use a long-stemmed lighter to light fuses.
  • Ignite only one device at a time.
  • Keep your pet(s) indoors and distract them from any stress the fireworks and associated noise may cause (e.g., food, TV, radio, toys).
  • Have equipment nearby to extinguish a fire or unexploded devices (e.g., bucket of water, working water hose).

DON’Ts

  • Do NOT allow young children to handle fireworks, even sparklers.
  • Do NOT permit anyone under the influence of drugs/alcohol to handle fireworks or supervise children who are handling fireworks.
  • Do NOT use any illegal fireworks (e.g., fireworks purchased from an unlicensed store, stand, or tent). Licensed retailers will have a brightly colored retail label.
  • Do NOT ignite fireworks in any indoor space.
  • Do NOT light fireworks while holding them.
  • Do NOT throw or point fireworks at another person.
  • Do NOT cover the device with your hand or any other body part.
  • Do NOT shoot any fireworks from a metal or glass container.

Cleaning up Used and Unexploded Fireworks

  1. Follow the package instructions for proper disposal of all used fireworks.
  2. Do not touch used fireworks (and duds) for at least 20 minutes.
  3. Avoid picking up or relighting duds.
  4. Soak duds and unused fireworks in water for at least 2 hours outside, if possible.
  5. Drain the water from the container.
  6. Transfer fireworks to a plastic bag.
  7. Dispose of the fireworks outside in a closed trash bin.

Common Fireworks-Related Injuries

Types of Injuries

  • Burns and blisters
  • Cuts, scrapes, and bruises
  • Fractures and sprains
  • Corneal or retinal injuries
  • Death

Injuries by Body Parts

  • Hand and finger injuries
  • Leg, arm, and trunk injuries
  • Head and face injuries
  • Eye injuries
  • Hearing damage

Immediate Treatment for Fireworks-Related Injuries

  • Soak the body part that has sustained the burn in cool water until the affected area no longer burns and the pain is relieved.
  • Soak any smoldering clothes with water until cooled, and then remove the clothing. If the clothing sticks firmly to the skin, cut away as much clothing as possible without pulling the clothing from the skin.
  • If the injured area is oozing, cover the area with a sterile gauze pad or a clean, dry cloth (e.g., sheet, towel).
  • Call 911 or rush to the nearest emergency room to seek immediate medical attention for severe injuries.

Signs of a severe injury:

  • The injury is deeper than a superficial wound (e.g., clothing is stuck to the area)
  • Redness and pain persist at the site of injury
  • Bad odor or discharge is present
  • The injury involves the face, hands, feet, genitals, or a moving joint
  • The injury covers a large portion of a body part

Note: The following home remedies are not recommended because they can make the injury worse and/or delay the healing process:

  • Do NOT put ice on the burn
  • Do NOT rub the burn
  • Do NOT put butter or grease on the burn
  • Do NOT cover the burn with mustard
  • Do NOT place powder on the burn

Additional Resources

The National Fire Protection Association offers free resources, facts, and infographics that promote fireworks safety.

The United States Consumer Product Safety Commission issued a 2022 Annual Fireworks Report regarding fireworks injuries and activities during the year.

The American Academy of Pediatrics answers parents’ frequently asked questions in this First Aid for Burns resource.

The American Pyrotechnics Association provides resources to preserve and promote American traditions, including using fireworks to celebrate July Fourth at https://www.americanpyro.com/.

References

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2021, June 29). American Academy of Pediatrics: Stay safe this 4th of July. https://www.aap.org/en/news-room/news-releases/health–safety-tips/american-academy-of-pediatrics-stay-safe-this-4th-of-july/

American Pyrotechnics Association. (n.d.). Tips to celebrate safely. https://www.americanpyro.com/tips-to-celebrate-safely

Healthychildren.org. (2023, June 28). 4th of July fireworks safety: Tips for families. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-play/Pages/stay-safe-this-4th-of-july.aspx

Healthychildren.org. (2023, July 26). Burn treatment & prevention tips for families. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/injuries-emergencies/Pages/Treating-and-Preventing-Burns.aspx

KidsHealth Medical Experts. (n.d.). Fireworks safety. Nemours KidsHealth. https://kidshealth.org/en/kids/fireworks.html

National Safety Council. (n.d.). Leave fireworks to the experts. https://www.nsc.org/community-safety/safety-topics/seasonal-safety/summer-safety/fireworks

Science and Technology Directorate Transportation Security Laboratory. (2022, June 30). 10 tips for firework safety. United States Department of Homeland Security. https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/news/2022/06/30/10-tips-firework-safety

Smith, B., & Pledger, D. (2023, June). 2022 fireworks annual report: Fireworks-related deaths, emergency department-treated injuries, and enforcement activities during 2022. United States Consumer Product Safety Commission. https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/2022-Fireworks-Annual-Report.pdf

Desensitization to Violence: A Parent’s Role

In today’s digital age, the question of whether children, adolescents, and young adults are becoming desensitized to violence, hatred, and intolerance may be rhetorical. Exposure to violent and negative content on various media platforms can have a profound impact on how people (especially, possibly, children) perceive and react to real-world violence. Let’s discuss desensitization, its origins, its impact on empathy, and some strategies parents can incorporate to mitigate its effects.

What is Desensitization?

Desensitization refers to the reduced emotional and physical response to a situation, circumstance, or even an event after being exposed to it repeatedly. For example, when children are exposed to frequent violent content, especially violence committed by people against other people, on media sites or platforms (e.g., TV, video games, YouTube), they may become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others. Research shows that this exposure can lead to lower emotional responses to real-life violence, less empathy, more aggression, and a greater acceptance of using violence to solve problems (Mrug et al., 2016).

Origins of Desensitization

Desensitization has its roots in psychology, particularly through the work of Albert Bandura. In the 1970s, Bandura’s social learning theory (SLT) demonstrated that children tend to imitate what they see, especially from influential sources like television (Su et al., 2010). Thus, according to Bandura’s SLT, repeated exposure to violent media can lead to desensitization. Many studies have since supported Bandura’s findings and support the theory that children who are regularly exposed to media violence tend to exhibit higher levels of aggression and are more likely to engage in criminal behavior as adults (Media violence, 2009).

Impact on Empathy

Desensitization to violence can significantly impact empathy—the ability to understand and share the feelings of others (Mrug et al., 2015). When children are repeatedly exposed to violent content, they may start to see violence as a normal part of life and become less responsive to the pain and suffering of others (Media violence, 2009). Studies have shown that regular exposure to violent media can lead to a decrease in empathetic responses (Su et al., 2010). This reduced sensitivity can impact social behavior and could increase the chances of aggressive and antisocial actions (Pittaro, 2019).

Strategies for Parents

Given the pervasive nature of violent media content, there are several positive steps parents can take to help protect their children from its potential effects. Here are some strategies to consider:

  1. Monitor Media Consumption: Keep track of children’s media content and set limits on screen time. This includes television, movies, video games, and social media. Explore the Thrive Professional Resource guide for more tips on managing screen time (page 17).
  2. Promote Media Literacy: Educate children about the impact of media violence. Media-literacy programs can equip children with skills, so they can distinguish between reality and fiction and understand the consequences of violent actions and behaviors. Explore the National Association for Media Literacy Education’s Parent’s Guide to Media Literacy and other resources here.
  3. Encourage Positive Media Choices: Encourage children to engage with non-violent media content. Provide access to educational programs, documentaries, and prosocial video games. Using these types of alternatives can help foster positive behavior and attitudes.
  4. Model Appropriate Behavior: Children often imitate their parents’ behavior. Parents can positively influence their children’s behavior by modeling empathy, kindness, and non-violent conflict resolution.
  5. Create Open Communication Channels: Establish an environment where children feel comfortable discussing what they see in the media. This enables parents to address any concerns and provide guidance on interpreting violent content.
  6. Use Parental Controls: Utilize parental control features on devices and streaming services to help restrict access to inappropriate content.

Many consider desensitization to violence a growing concern for future generations. While we cannot control the world’s violence, we can take actionable steps to manage what is viewed in our homes. As we strive to be mindful of the media our children consume and foster open discussions, we can support our children’s healthy emotional and psychological development and help nurture a generation of people who value kindness and understanding.

References

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2009). Media violence. Pediatrics, 124(5), 1495–1503. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-2146

Mrug, S., Madan, A., & Windle, M. (2016). Emotional desensitization to violence contributes to adolescents’ violent behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(1), 75.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-9986-x

Mrug, S., Madan, A., & Wright, R. A. (2015). Emotional and physiological desensitization to real-life and movie violence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(5), 1092.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0202-z

Pittaro, M. (2019, May). Exposure to media violence and emotional desensitization. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-crime-and-justice-doctor/201905/exposure-media-violence-and-emotional-desensitization

Su, W., Mrug, S., & Windle, M. (2010). Social cognitive and emotional mediators link violence exposure and parental nurturance to adolescent aggression. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2010.517163

Rise and Dine

March is National Nutrition Month! This may be a good time for you to remind your family that starting their day with a nutritious breakfast can be important. In the hustle and bustle of modern life, adults often skip breakfast to gain extra time, use the time differently, or even consume fewer calories. Similarly, children may rush out the door with empty stomachs or may have only consumed empty-calorie snacks. In addition, neglecting a balanced breakfast can potentially lead to a myriad of negative consequences. So, you may want to ask yourself, “Is the extra time and calories I save in the morning worth the sacrifice of this important meal?” Let’s review how eating breakfast can help support your family members in their daily activities.

For adults

Metabolism: Eating a nutritious breakfast can help jumpstart your metabolism and enable your body to burn calories more efficiently throughout the day. This can contribute to weight management and better overall energy levels (Heo et al., 2021).

Cognitive function: A healthy breakfast provides your brain with essential nutrients, such as glucose, which can help your brain function at an optimal level. Studies have shown that breakfast consumption is linked to improved concentration, focus, and memory (Barr et al., 2013).

Blood sugar levels: Starting your day with a balanced breakfast can help stabilize blood sugar levels and prevent energy crashes and mood swings later in the day. This stability can be key for your productivity and emotional well-being throughout the day (Young et al., 2014).
Healthy eating habits: Eating a nutritious breakfast can set a positive tone for the rest of the day and help establish a foundation for nutritious dietary patterns (Uzhova et al., 2018).

For children

Growth and development: Children’s bodies are constantly growing and developing and require a steady supply of nutrients. A nourishing breakfast provides essential vitamins, minerals, and proteins necessary for healthy growth, strong bones, and cognitive development (Gibney et al., 2018).

Academic performance: Research indicates that children who eat breakfast tend to perform better academically and experience improved concentration, memory, and problem-solving skills (Wesnes et al., 2003). Starting the day with a nutritious meal can help facilitate effective learning and engagement in the classroom.

Energy levels: Breakfast can replenish energy levels that have been depleted overnight and can provide children with the fuel they need to stay active and focused throughout the school day. Skipping breakfast can lead to fatigue, irritability, and difficulty concentrating, which can hinder academic and social interactions (Adolphus et al., 2013).

Healthy habits: Teaching children the importance of eating breakfast can support lifelong healthy habits. When a family prioritizes breakfast, children can learn the value of nutrition and understand the role it plays in their overall health and well-being (Silvia et al., 2023).

Breakfast can benefit adults and children. When you make time for a balanced breakfast each morning, you can help set your family up for success and vitality throughout the day. For more information on how to incorporate a healthy breakfast into your routine, please look at the Additional Resources section below.

Additional Resources

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans provide advice on what to eat and drink to meet nutritional needs, promote health, and prevent disease.

MyPlate.gov offers tips and resources that support healthy dietary patterns.

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics shares some breakfast advice paired with nutritious recipes.

Better Health Channel outlines the benefits of breakfast and offers suggestions for people who are short on time and/or struggle to eat early in the morning.

References

Adolphus, K., Lawton, C. L., & Dye, L. (2013, August 8). The effects of breakfast on behavior and academic performance in children and adolescents. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience7, 425. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00425

Barr, S., DiFrancesco, L., & Victor, F. L. (2013, January). Consumption of breakfast and the type of breakfast consumed are positively associated with nutrient intakes and adequacy of Canadian adults. The Journal of Nutrition, 143(1), 86-92. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.112.167098

Gibney, M. J., Barr, S. I., Bellisle, F., Drewnowski, A., Fagt, S., Livingstone, B., Masset, G., Varela Moreiras, G., Moreno, L. A., Smith, J., Vieux, F., Thielecke, F., & Hopkins, S. (2018, May 1). Breakfast in human nutrition: The international breakfast research initiative. Nutrients10(5), 559. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050559

Heo, J., Choi, W. J., Ham, S., Kang, S. K., & Lee, W. (2021, January 7). Association between breakfast skipping and metabolic outcomes by sex, age, and work status stratification. Nutrition & Metabolism 18, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-020-00526-z

Silva, P., Araújo, R., Lopes, F., & Ray, S. (2023, November 7). Nutrition and food literacy: Framing the challenges to health communication. Nutrients, 15(22), 4708. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15224708

Uzhova, I., Mullally, D., Peñalvo, J. L., & Gibney, E. R. (2018, October 26). Regularity of breakfast consumption and diet: Insights from national adult nutrition survey. Nutrients10(11), 1578. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111578

Wesnes, K., Pincock, C., Richardson, D., Helm, G., & Hails, S. (2003, December). Breakfast reduces declines in attention and memory over the morning in schoolchildren. Appetite, 41(3), 329-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2003.08.009

Young, H., & Benton, D. (2014, August). The glycemic load of meals, cognition, and mood in middle and older aged adults with differences in glucose tolerance: A randomized trial. e-SPEN Journal, 9(4), e147-e154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnme.2014.04.003

Tips for Teaching Children to Brush Their Teeth on Their Own

As children reach toddlerhood (i.e., age 1 to 3 years), they begin to increasingly show signs of independence. Their strong desire to complete tasks independently is often displayed in activities of daily living like getting dressed and brushing their teeth. Because young children do not always have the concentration or control to brush their teeth by themselves, parents need to find ways to encourage their child’s self-help skills while supervising their efforts. Consider the following tips to help teach your child about the toothbrushing process and to build their confidence as they learn to brush their teeth on their own.

Brushing Basics

Toothbrush

Ensure your child has a soft-bristled toothbrush with a thick handle and a small brushing head. Your child may be able to choose from a variety of kid-friendly toothbrushes that are available in vibrant colors and have fun characters on the handle.

Toothpaste

Select a toothpaste that contains fluoride and has a taste and texture that your child likes. If your child does not respond well to one toothpaste, try another with a different flavor.

Brushing Angle

For the outer surfaces and most inner surfaces of their teeth, teach your child to hold their toothbrush horizontally at a 45-degree angle. For the front, inner surfaces of their teeth, teach your child to hold their toothbrush vertically across their teeth. For the chewing surfaces, your child may lay the toothbrush flat across those teeth to brush.

Brushing Motion

Show your child how to brush along the line where their teeth and gums meet in short, circular strokes or long, up-and-down strokes. Both the circular and up-and-down techniques are acceptable, according to the American Dental Association (ADA).

Brushing Time

Watch the clock, set the timer, play a song, or use a mobile app to help keep your child engaged for at least 2 minutes while they brush their teeth.

Toothbrush Replacement

Replace your child’s toothbrush every 3 to 4 months, or replace your child’s toothbrush sooner if the bristles appear to be visibly frayed.

Brushing Expectations by Age

From birth to first tooth (around 6 months old), use a clean, damp washcloth or gauze to wipe your child’s gums clean after each feeding.

Upon the arrival of your child’s first tooth (around 6 months) to 3 years old, apply a smear of toothpaste (approximately the size of a grain of rice) to your child’s toothbrush and begin to brush your child’s teeth twice a day—once in the morning and once at night. Begin to gently floss between your child’s teeth when they have two teeth that touch.

When your child is between the ages of 3 years to 6 years old, apply a pea-sized amount of toothpaste to your child’s toothbrush, and brush 2 times a day for at least 2 minutes. Assist your child with their teeth brushing (and flossing) until they can rinse and spit out the toothpaste rather than swallowing it.

How to Teach Your Child to Brush Their Teeth

If your child has learned to rinse and spit out their toothpaste instead of swallowing the toothpaste (usually around 5 to 6 years old), it may be time for you to encourage them to brush their teeth on their own. Here are some techniques you can use to help your child learn to independently brush their teeth.

Break the process into small steps. Teach your child to brush their teeth in sections. Focus on the outer surface, the inner surface, and chewing surface of one quadrant (i.e., upper left, lower left, upper right, and lower right) for 30 seconds before moving on to the next quadrant.

Show and tell. Prepare your toothbrush with toothpaste and stand or kneel next to your child. You can face your child or both of you can face the mirror. Direct your child to copy your movements and the sections you are focusing on as you both brush your teeth together. You may use analogies like the train wheels moving across the train tracks.

Hold their hand. Wrap your hand around your child’s hand to help guide the way your child holds their toothbrush and the way they move the toothbrush across their gums and teeth.

Take turns. Encourage your child to brush their teeth first while you supervise them. Use your words to help guide them on where to brush. Let them know that you plan to “check their work” when they finish. Use the “checking” stage to brush the areas they may have missed.

Sing a song. Sing a song or create your own song to a familiar melody (e.g., Row, Row, Row Your Boat) to help explain to your child the steps for brushing their teeth.

Consider your child’s temperament and learning style when determining which teaching technique to use. Feel free to try different techniques or combine techniques until you find the model that works for you and your child. With your continued guidance, your child will establish a consistent oral health routine, maintain good toothbrushing practices, and prepare to brush their teeth by themself. When you teach your child how to properly care for their primary teeth, it can set the stage for the health of their adult teeth and their oral hygiene practices for years to come.

Additional Resources

The Give a Kids A Smile® Program in association with the ADA (American Dental Association, 2020) provides resource sheets for parents and caregivers. Here are additional healthy habits that they offer parents and caregivers to consider as they help their child maintain a healthy smile and oral health.

  • Begin taking your child to dental visits when their first tooth appears or by the time they turn 1 year old, whichever comes first.
  • Encourage your child to eat healthy foods (e.g., fruits, vegetables, lean meats) to protect their teeth’s health. Limit cavity-causing treats like candy, sugary beverages, sodas, snacks, and sticky sweets.
  • Encourage your child, who is at least 1 year old, to drink water between meals. The ADA suggests that water with the fluoride is the best drink for your child’s teeth.

The South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control Division of Oral Health offers activities and resources for infants and children who are up to 4 years old. Find the resource here: https://scdhec.gov/sites/default/files/Library/ML-025192.pdf

The ADA provides several resources to help you take care of your child’s teeth through their Mouth Healthy™ campaign. A few of these resources can be found at the following:

References

American Dental Association. (2020). Tiny smiles. https://www.ada.org/-/media/project/ada-organization/ada/ada-org/files/resources/public-programs/give-kids-a-smile/ada-gkasts-eng_dental_professionals.pdf

American Dental Association. (2022, October 7). Toothbrushes.https://www.ada.org/en/resources/research/science-and-research-institute/oral-health-topics/toothbrushes

Early Childhood Learning and Knowledge Center. (2023, April 26). Brushing your child’s teeth. https://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/publication/brushing-your-childs-teeth

Harrisburg Smiles. (2020, October 22). How to teach your child to brush their teeth—Your guide to the process.https://harrisburgsmilesdental.com/how-to-teach-your-child-to-brush-their-teeth-your-guide-to-the-process/

Jana, L. A., & Shu, J. (2021, May 25). Let the brushing games begin. Healthychildren.org. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/healthy-living/oral-health/Pages/Let-the-Brushing-Games-Begin.aspx

Oraljel Kids. (n.d.). Six creative ways to get your kids to brush their teeth. https://www.orajelkids.com/en/resources/six-creative-ways-to-get-your-kids-to-brush-their-teeth

Shahangian, J. (2017, January 13). How do I get my preschooler to let me brush her teeth? Healthychildren.org. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/tips-tools/ask-the-pediatrician/Pages/How-do-I-get-my-preschooler-to-let-me-brush-her-teeth.aspx

Listening to Your Baby

From the moment your baby is born, they are present and ready to communicate with you! Babies use the reflexes and cues they are born with to let you know what they need. This may look like turning their face towards a bottle when they are hungry or sound like crying when they are tired or overstimulated by loud surroundings. Taking the time to learn how your baby communicates can help you support them as they learn about and adjust to their new world!

To learn more, watch the Listening to Your Baby mini-booster module video, below, that was developed by Thrive!

The universal Thrive parent-education programs (i.e., Take Root, Sprout, Grow, and Branch Out), supplemental modules, and mini-booster modules are available for all parents for free at https://thrive.psu.edu.

United in Resolution: How Your Family Can Make the Most of the New Year

A new year is upon us, and it may bring with it promises of beginnings and opportunities for positive change. The start of the New Year is not just a marker of time, but it can also be a symbolic moment to reflect on the past and envision a brighter future. In addition, the New Year can be a time when you and your family create your special individual and family New Year’s resolutions. Developing an annual tradition in which all family members think about positivity can foster a sense of personal growth, for children and adults, and may encourage family bonding and improve goal-setting skills. Let’s discuss some strategies for setting New Year’s resolutions individually and within the family context and ideas for implementing practical approaches that can make this activity a meaningful experience for every family member.

Why set New Year’s resolutions with children

When parents or caregivers involve their children in setting New Year’s resolutions, they are modeling positive behaviors and offering children opportunities to learn how to set goals for themselves and begin to understand the value of personal development. Participating in goal setting can teach children responsibility and perseverance and can give them an opportunity to feel joy as they achieve something meaningful. By involving your children in this process, you empower them and strengthen the family bond as you work towards meeting shared objectives and create a tradition to look forward to every year.

The SMART way to set goals

Consider using the SMART goal framework to set your New Year’s resolutions. SMART goals provide a clear roadmap for success and are goals that are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Timely. Establishing SMART goals can ensure that resolutions set by family members are well defined, realistic, and attainable within a designated time frame.

Let’s break down the components of SMART goals with some examples:

  • Specific: Specify exactly what you want to achieve.
    • Traditional Resolution: “Exercise more.”
    • SMART Resolution: “Take a family walk for 30 minutes every evening after dinner.”
  • Measurable: Establish a way to track your progress, and determine when you have met your goal.
    • Traditional Resolution: “Read more books.”
    • SMART Resolution: “Read one book each month, and discuss it with the family.”
  • Achievable: Ensure that your goal is realistic and attainable.
    • Traditional Resolution: “Learn a new instrument.”
    • SMART Resolution: “Practice the guitar for 15 minutes every day.”
  • Realistic: Set goals that are reasonable and within your capabilities.
    • Traditional Resolution: “Get all A’s in school.”
    • SMART Resolution: “Improve my grades by dedicating 1 hour to homework each school night.”
  • Timely: Define a time frame for accomplishing your goal.
    • Traditional Resolution: “Learn a new language.”
    • SMART Resolution: “Complete an online language course by June.”

Start small and build up

Start small, and set goals that can be easily achieved. Using this approach can increase opportunities for positive feedback, prevent feelings of discouragement, and foster a positive and empowering mindset for all family members. When goals are within one’s grasp, the individual is more likely to stay motivated and committed. Starting small and reaching these goals allow individuals, especially children, a chance to experience the satisfaction of progress and success. Their confidence can also be improved by reaching milestones, and they may find ways to build on those accomplishments! By striving to keep goals attainable, families can set themselves up for a journey filled with achievable milestones, continuous growth, and fun.

Set family resolutions

In addition to each family member setting individual SMART goals, families can set resolutions (or goals) they want to achieve together. These shared objectives can strengthen familial bonds and encourage collective growth. When families set resolutions together, they foster an environment of collaboration and support in which each member plays a vital role in achieving shared aspirations. Listed below are some examples of family resolutions, resolutions for younger children, and resolutions for adolescents and teens.

Weekly Family Meals:

  • SMART Goal: “Have a family meal together once a week and be together at least 30 minutes with no phones at the table.”

Exercise Routine:

  • SMART Goal: “Engage in 30 minutes of family exercise each day and allow each family member the opportunity to choose an activity to engage in that week (e.g., dancing, walking the dog, going to the park).”

Cooking Together:

  • SMART Goal: “Make one evening ‘Family Cook Night’ where the entire family will prepare, cook, and eat a meal together. Each family member will get a chance to choose a meal they would like to prepare.”

Family Game Night:

  • SMART Goal: “Schedule a weekly family game night, and turn off screens to reconnect and enjoy quality time.”

For Younger Children:

  • Daily Chores:
    • SMART Goal: Complete morning routine: Get up, get dressed, make your bed, eat breakfast, and brush your teeth.
  • Reading Habits:
    • SMART Goal: “Read for 20 minutes a day either independently or with a family member.”

For Adolescents/Teens:

  • Screen-Free Time:
    • SMART Goal: Learn/practice a new skill that doesn’t involve the use of a screen.
  • Balanced Lifestyle:
    • SMART Goal: “Go outside for at least 1 hour a day to engage in physical activity like running, biking, tennis, or pickleball.”

Revisit resolutions and goals as needed

Adaptability can be key when it comes to setting goals. Allow flexibility for yourself and your child so you can adjust any pre-established goals throughout the year and encourage success. Kids grow and change rapidly, and their interests and capabilities will evolve. Adjusting goals, as needed, allows for a more realistic and encouraging approach and considers the developmental stage of your child and their priorities. Whether modifying learning objectives, altering extracurricular commitments, or pivoting to a new hobby, parents who can recognize and adapt to these changes can ensure children’s goals remain achievable and aligned with their needs and aspirations. Teaching children the value of flexibility in goal setting can equip them with essential life skills and can foster a resilient and positive attitude toward overcoming challenges.

Incorporating SMART goals into your family’s New Year’s resolutions can set the stage for a successful and fulfilling year. As you embark on this journey together, remember that your commitment to continuous improvement is vital. To further support your resolution-setting endeavors and make this process more rewarding for you and your children, explore the resources listed below. Here’s to a SMART and joyful New Year for your family!

Additional Resources

Cooking to Thrive

Moving to Thrive

Family Media Guidelines

Eating Together as a Family

5210 Tips for Families

References

Aghera, A., Emery, M., Bounds, R., Bush C, Stansfield, R. B., Gillett, B., & Santen, S. A. (2018, January). A randomized trial of SMART goal enhanced debriefing after simulation to promote educational actions. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 19(1), 112-120. https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2017.11.36524

Le, B. M., & Impett, E. A. (2019). Parenting goal pursuit is linked to emotional well-being, relationship quality, and responsiveness. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(3), 879-904. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517747417

Nair, A., Nair, D., Girdhar, M., & Gugnani, A. (2021). Optimizing developmental outcomes by setting smart goals individualized home program for children with disabilities during COVID-19. International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research, 9(5), 4028–4034. https://doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2021.184